巴西专利BR112012006503B1 mounting for sliding interface tolerance of sliding forces

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专利摘要:
ASSEMBLY FOR TOLERANCE CONTROL OF SLIDING FORCES OF SLIDING INTERFACE. It is a tolerance ring that comprises a metal strip for spring characteristics and a complementary low friction material for friction considerations. The tolerance ring is designed to operate within a precisely controlled torque or axial force range to provide a defined amount of resistance and sliding force control between components that move relative to each other. The isolated parts of the tolerance ring form regions of contact with those adjacent to the components. Other surfaces of the tolerance ring comprise parts with spring characteristics that have adequate geometry for their spring rate, different from the conformation with corresponding surfaces of the adjacent components.
公开号:BR112012006503B1
申请号:R112012006503-3
申请日:2010-09-20
公开日:2021-01-12
发明作者:Andrew Slayne；Parag Natu
申请人:Saint-Gobain Performance Plastics Rencol Limited；
IPC主号:

专利说明:

[0001] The present invention generally relates to tolerance rings that are located between moving parts and, in particular, to an improved system, method and apparatus that employ a tolerance ring. BACKGROUND
[0002] Tolerance rings restrict movement between relatively mobile parts, such as swiveling rods in housing holes. One type of tolerance ring is an annular band located in the gap between the outer surface of the stem and the inner surface of the hole. This tolerance ring limits the radial movement of the stem inside the hole while still allowing rotation.
[0003] In conventional tolerance ring configurations, a close fit between the internal and external components is sought. In addition, forces to provide maximum friction engagement or minimum variation in sliding forces are sought. A close fit between the components is desirable because it reduces the relative vibration between the parts. These requirements between the internal and external components require strong and substantial contact, which increases the frictional forces.
[0004] Tolerance rings that provide torque overload protection for applications with torques greater than 50 Nm, with relatively low rotation rates and short angular slip cycles are also known. These applications include reduction gear supports, power steps on four-wheel trucks and seating engines for folding seats. Tolerance rings for these applications tend to be heat treated carbon steel, greater than 0.40 mm thick and have many high and strong friction waves to provide the required torque. Although these solutions are feasible for some applications, improvements in tolerance rings remain interesting. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0005] The modalities of a system, method and apparatus for a tolerance ring comprise an assembly that has an external component, an internal component located on the external component and movable in relation to it, and a tolerance ring mounted between the internal and external components.
[0006] In other embodiments, an assembly comprises an external component, an internal component located on the external and movable component in relation to it, and a tolerance ring mounted between the internal and external components. The tolerance ring provides radial stiffness that is greater than about 20,000 N / mm and parameters selected from the following: a slip torque in the range of 1 to 25 Nm, and a diameter of less than about 40 mm; a slip torque in the range of 1 to 100 Nm, and a diameter of more than 40 mm; or a low resistance to axial slip in a range of 10 to 600 N, and a diameter of more than 10 mm. Applications that have smaller diameters can provide lower radial stiffness.
[0007] In still other embodiments, a tolerance ring assembly comprises an external component that has a hole with a geometric axis in it and an internal component mounted in the hole of the external component, in such a way that the internal component joins the external component and is mobile in relation to it. A tolerance ring is located in the hole between the internal and external components, the tolerance ring comprising a metallic ring and a low friction material joined to the metallic ring, the tolerance ring also having a plurality of projections that extend in relation to the geometric axis, with the projections being compressed between the internal and external components in such a way that the tolerance ring operates on a leveled part of a characteristic compression / retention force, through which the projections initially exhibit elastic behavior and are plastic deformed and the tolerance ring provides an overload protection force of less than 100 Nm. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0008] So that the way in which the resources and advantages are achieved and can be understood in greater detail, one can have a more detailed description by reference to the modalities that are illustrated in the attached drawings. However, the drawings illustrate only a few modalities and, therefore, should not be considered as limiting the scope.
[0009] Figure 1 is a perspective view of an embodiment of a tolerance ring constructed in accordance with the invention;
[0010] Figure 2 is a perspective view of another embodiment of a tolerance ring constructed in accordance with the invention;
[0011] Figure 3 is an axial sectional view of the ring of Figure 2 on an apparatus;
[0012] Figure 4 is a radial sectional view of the ring of Figure 3 on the apparatus;
[0013] Figures 5A to E are several views of a third embodiment of a tolerance ring constructed in accordance with the invention;
[0014] Figures 6A to E are several views of a third embodiment of a tolerance ring constructed in accordance with the invention; and
[0015] Figure 7 is a schematic cross-sectional side view of another embodiment of a tolerance ring that has layers of corrosion resistance and is constructed according to the invention.
[0016] The use of the same reference symbols in different drawings indicates similar or identical items. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0017] Figure 1 depicts a tolerance ring 100 comprising an embodiment. The tolerance ring 100 comprises a strip 102 of resilient material (e.g., spring steel) which is curved into a ring-like (substantially annular) shape. The ends of the strip 102 do not meet (for example, it can be formed as a broken ring), thereby leaving an axially extending span 106 adjacent to the circumference of the strip. In other embodiments, the strip can be curved so that the ends overlap. In yet other additional embodiments, the band can be a continuous, unbroken ring. The inner surface of the tolerance ring 100 has a low friction layer 104 that conforms to the shape of the strip.
[0018] The tolerance ring 100 has a plurality of spaced projections 108 that extend radially outwardly from the outer surface of the tolerance ring 100. There is a flat ring that circumferentially extends 109 of the material at each axial end of the projections 108. Each projection 108 is also separated from its neighboring projections by a flat section 110 of the tolerance ring 100, which can be formed contiguously with loops 109. The projections 108 are axially elongated ridges that are similar in shape to waves used in conventional tolerance rings. The peak of each crest is rounded and the axial ends of each crest end at a tapered shoulder 111.
[0019] In some embodiments, the tolerance ring 100 can be formed from a flat strip of resilient material (forming strip 102). Before the strip is bent into its curved shape, and before the projections are formed, the low-friction layer 104 is laminated on a surface thereof. In other embodiments, the low friction layer 104 can be laminated on both surfaces of the flat strip. After the low friction layer 104 is attached to the flat strip, the resulting layer structure is embossed (for example, pressed using a properly shaped mold, rotational wave formation, etc.) to form the projections 108. Thus, the projections 108 are formed from both the strip of resilient material and the low friction layer 104. The material of the low friction layer 104 can be chosen to be flexible to facilitate this stamping step. In the modality shown in Figure 1, the projections 108 project radially out of range 102. In other modalities, they can project radially into the low friction layer 104. After the projections 108 are formed, the layered structure is curved in the ring-like configuration shown in Figure 1. In the mode shown, strip 102 is the outer material. In other embodiments, track 102 may be the internal material. In still other embodiments, the projections 108 can extend radially inward or outward, depending on the particular situation, and regardless of whether the strip 102 provides internal or external material for the tolerance ring 100.
[0020] In operation, tolerance ring 100 is located between two components. For example, it can be located in the annular space between a rod and a hole in a housing. The projections 108 are compressed between the internal and external components. Each projection acts like a spring and deforms to adjust the components together with zero clearance between them. In other words, the inner component comes into contact with the inner surfaces of the tolerance ring and the outer component comes into contact with the outer surfaces of the tolerance ring.
[0021] If forces (for example, rotational or linear) are applied to one or both internal and external components in such a way that there is a resulting force between the internal and external components, the internal and external components can move in relation to each other . Since some modes have zero clearance between the components, there are a pair of contact surfaces that slide in relation to each other. This is the slip interface. In some embodiments, the slip interface occurs on the contact surfaces between the low friction layer 104 and the internal component (see, for example, Figure 3). The contact surfaces may include the inner surfaces of the flat rings 109 and the "markings" of each projection 108 (i.e., the regions around the edges of each projection 108 where they meet the strip 102). The material for the low friction layer 104 and the configuration of the projections 108 provide a slip force at the slip interface that is substantially lower than an expected value derived from the radial load force transmitted by the projections. This low sliding force facilitates movement between moving contact surfaces.
[0022] In contrast, on the contact surfaces between the outer component and the outer surfaces of strip 102, there may be sufficient frictional force to hold the tolerance ring 100 in place in relation to the outer component. In other embodiments, both surfaces of strip 102 can be laminated with a low friction layer. Thus, there may be two slip interfaces in such modalities.
[0023] Figure 2 depicts another embodiment of a tolerance ring 200 that comprises a strip 202 curved in a tubular configuration with an axial span 206 in its circumference. In a manner similar to Figure 1, the inner surface of strip 202 has a low-friction layer 204. laminated thereon. The strip 202 also has a plurality of projections 208 that extend radially outwardly from its outer surface. The projections 208 can be leveled circumferentially with respect to each other as shown, or be spaced circumferentially as shown in Figure 1. The tolerance ring 200 can be manufactured in a manner as explained above, so that the layer low-friction 204 conforms to the shape of strip 202, including notches that fit various ridges of projections 208. The tolerance ring 200 includes collars or flat rings 210 at each axial end of projections 208.
[0024] The tolerance ring 200 shown in Figure 2 differs from that depicted in Figure 1 in that, for example, there are fewer projections around the circumference of the strip and there are virtually no flat spaces between neighboring projections.
[0025] Figure 3 shows an axial sectional view through an apparatus 300 comprising another embodiment. The apparatus 300 incorporates, for example, the tolerance ring 200 shown in Figure 2. The apparatus 300 comprises a housing 302 or external component. The housing 302 has an axial hole 304 formed in it that receives a rod 306 or internal component. Tolerance rings can be used to transfer torque or as torque limiters in such applications.
[0026] An annular gap exists between the outer surface 308 of stem 306 and the inner surface 310 of hole 304. The size of this annular hole is variable because the diameter of stem 306 and hole 304 may vary within manufacturing tolerances. To prevent vibration of the stem 306 inside the hole 304, the annular gap is filled by the tolerance ring 200 to form a zero clearance fit between the components. Figure 3 shows that the tolerance ring 200 comprises a strip 202 as an outer layer and a low friction layer 204 as an inner layer that conforms to the shape of the strip 202. In use, the circumferential projections 208 of the tolerance ring 200 they are compressed radially in the annular gap between the stem 306 and the housing 302, in such a way that the strip 202 comes into contact with the inner surface 310 of the hole 304. The slip interface is formed where the low friction layer 204 enters in contact with the outer surface 308 of the stem 306. The tolerance ring 200 therefore reduces the gap to zero so that there is no gap between the components in the device 300.
[0027] The contact area between the outer surface 308 and the low friction layer 204 is a slip interface in which relative movement between the stem 306 and the tolerance ring 200 occurs. The tolerance ring 200 is held in relation to the housing 302 by friction engagement in the contact area between the strip 202 and the inner surface 310.
[0028] If, through use, the wear of stem 306 or the low-friction layer 204 occurs at the slip interface, projections 208 can compensate for the resilient movement towards its resting state, thereby maintaining contact with stem 306 and the housing 302. The life span of the tolerance ring 200 can therefore be longer than conventional zero-tolerance rings without resiliently compressible projections.
[0029] Figure 4 illustrates a radial sectional view of the apparatus comprising housing 302 and stem 306. In the embodiment shown, tolerance ring 200 is retained on stem 306. The outer diameter of stem 306 is greater than an inner diameter of the tolerance ring 200 at rest. Thus, the tolerance ring must expand (axial gap 206 (Figure 2) must expand) to fit the tolerance ring around the stem surface 308. Inside the hole 304 of the housing 302, the projections 208 are compressed in the annular gap or space between the components on the inner surface 310. In this configuration, the friction coefficient at the slip interface (between stem 306 and low friction layer 204) is very small compared to the friction coefficient in the contact area between strip 202 and housing 302. Thus, the slip is substantially limited and occurs substantially free-form at the slip interface. In other embodiments, the arrangement of the projections 208 and low friction layer 204 can be such that the slip interface is between the housing 302 and the tolerance ring 200.
[0030] Figures 5A to E depict several views, such as, in perspective, in section, axial and lateral end of another modality of a tolerance ring 500. The tolerance ring 500 comprises a curved strip 502 in a tubular configuration with an axial span 506 in its circumference. The inner surface of the strip 502 has a low friction layer 504 laminated thereon. The strip 502 also has a plurality of projections 508 extending radially inward. The tolerance ring 500 can be manufactured as described in the present invention, so that the low friction layer 504 has a uniform thickness and conforms to the shape of the strip 502, which includes notches that are compatible with the different ripples of the projections 508. The tolerance ring 500 may include tapered shoulders 511 and flat circumferential rings or collars 509 at each axial end of the projections 508, as well as flat spaces 510 between the projections 508.
[0031] Figures 6A to E depict views of yet another embodiment of a tolerance ring 600. The tolerance ring 600 comprises a strip 602 of resilient material that is curved into an annular shape. In the embodiment shown, the ends of strip 602 do not meet and leave a gap 606, but this can be formed as a continuous ring. The inner surface of the tolerance ring 600 has a low friction layer 604 laminated thereon, such as PTFE, which conforms to the strip 602.
[0032] The tolerance ring 600 has a plurality of spaced projections 608 extending radially outwardly from the outer surface of the tolerance ring 600. There is a circumferentially flat ring 609 at each axial end of the projections 608. Each projection 608 is also separated from its neighboring projections by a flat section 610, which can be formed, contiguously, in a planar mode with rims 609. The projections 608 are elongated ridges axially, with the peak of each crest is rounded, and the axial ends of each crest end at a tapered 611 shoulder.
[0033] In some embodiments, the tolerance ring 600 can be formed from a flat strip of resilient material (which forms the strip 602). Before the strip is bent into its curved shape, and before the projections are formed, the low-friction layer 604 is laminated on a surface thereof. In other embodiments, the low friction layer 604 can be laminated on both surfaces of the flat strip. After the low friction layer 604 is attached, the resulting layered structure is embossed to form the projections 608. Thus, the projections 608 are formed from both strips of resilient material 602 and from the low friction layer 604. The low friction layer material 604 can be chosen to be flexible in order to facilitate the stamping step. Although projections 608 protrude radially outward from range 602, they can be projected radially inward from low friction layer 604. After projections 608 are formed, the layered structure is curved in a ring-like configuration. In the modality shown, track 602 is the external material, but it can be the internal material. In still other embodiments, the projections 608 can extend radially inward or outward, depending on the particular situation, and regardless of whether the strip 602 supplies the internal or external material for the tolerance ring 600.
[0034] In some modalities for overload protection applications, tolerance rings with overload protection from torque forces of, for example, less than 25 Nm and with a total diameter of less than 40 mm are provided. Applications for these modalities include, for example, seat adjusters, hybrid double clutch mechanisms, seat headrest adjustment, door actuators, tire winches, etc.
[0035] Still other modalities provide protection against overload of torque forces of, for example, less than 100 Nm in diameters greater than 65 mm, such as for applications that include starter motors, transmission system applications, etc. These designs may use a stainless steel strip with a thickness of less than 0.40 mm in some modalities. Other modalities can include diameters of, for example, 40 to 65 mm with intermediate ranges of protection against torque overload. In addition, no lubricant is required, which is particularly advantageous for applications that must be free of grease for technical or aesthetic reasons.
[0036] In some embodiments, the tolerance ring is formed from spring steel (for example, cold rolled stainless steel) and has a low friction layer laminated to it. For example, stainless steel can be 0.1 to 0.7 mm thick, and low friction can be in a thickness range of about 0.05 to 0.50 mm (for example, 0.25 mm) and bonded to steel before the tolerance ring is formed in its circular shape.
[0037] The tolerance ring can be formed with geometric waves that are designed to achieve spring characteristics as required for the intended particular force control application. The low-friction layer reduces sliding forces, reduces force variation and provides a low-friction slip surface that resists many slips without wearing down the underlying materials. This allows the tolerance rings to be designed to fulfill the force control functions not possible within the usual performance envelope achieved by varying the tolerance ring geometry alone, such as low slip torque, low sliding force, with little degradation of strength over many slip cycles. For example, a tolerance ring in accordance with the invention reduces the torque or sliding force to approximately half to one third of what would be expected for a metal tolerance ring of only equivalent design. As a result, the modalities revealed in this document are much more stable than the prior art designs.
[0038] In this disclosure, slip torque is defined as the torque at which two components that are joined by a tolerance ring begin to rotate with respect to each other due to any torque loading applied to the system. Δ tolerance ring fixation will keep the corresponding components together without relative rotation until this limit value is reached, at that point, the frictional forces generated by the compression of the tolerance ring waves will be overcome and the respective rotation will occur, resisted by the forces friction. Similarly, the axial sliding force is the same, but in an axial direction. The tolerance ring will only allow axial slip between two components if the limit force value is exceeded. The limit force is generated by the frictional forces generated by the compression of the tolerance ring waves. The overload protection torque or force occurs where the slip torque or slip force of the tolerance ring is set to be below the safety capacity of the system. The tolerance ring allows sliding if the system receives an external load, above the limit value, which may have otherwise caused damage to the system.
[0039] Consequently, the modalities of the tolerance ring waves have a height greater than the radial space in which they must be mounted. Thus, as a result of the assembly, the waves are compressed and exert a force dependent on their stiffness and the amount of compression, which is how they generate the force to hold the assembly together.
[0040] Typically, the corresponding components of the assembly and the self-tolerance ring waves have dimensional variability within the given tolerances. In this way, the actual amount of compression of the waves and, therefore, the forces generated in the assembly, may vary from assembly to assembly. However, if the waves are compressed beyond their 'elastic zone' they will behave progressively more plastic, limiting the additional increase in the force of any additional compression. This effect is important when the tolerance rings provide sliding force control (either axially or rotationally) to minimize the force variation due to the compression variation, where the waves are designed to be compressed in their 'plastic zone'.
[0041] For example, in axial sliding force control applications that require low forces, such as axial sliding forces in a range of about 30 to 300 N (and, in some embodiments, 10 to 600 N) with the component diameters of hair less than about 10 mm and in torque limiting applications that require slip torque in a range of about 1 to 25 Nm with components less than about 40 mm in diameter and a radial stiffness that is greater than about 20,000 N / mm or a slip torque in a range of about 1 to 100 Nm with component diameters of more than about 40 mm in diameter and a radial stiffness that is greater than about 20,000 N / mm, it is very difficult to reach forces slides consistent with conventional tolerance ring designs. To achieve such low forces, thin materials and 'weak' wave geometry are needed in order to address plastic spring performance, resulting in very fragile structures that are difficult to handle and, once assembled, have very low radial stiffness.
[0042] For example, in an experiment a conventional tolerance ring comprising a simple steel ring, and a tolerance ring constructed according to the low friction layer of the invention on an identical steel ring were compared. Therefore, the geometry of the steel ring was the same for both rings, for example, a diameter of 35 mm, a width of 12 mm and a thickness of 0.2 mm, in which waves (for example, 9 waves per ring) that have a height of 1 mm have been compressed, the wave spacing being identical for both steel rings. The only difference in this experiment was that the improved tolerance ring also included a PTFE ring that has an additional thickness of 0.25 mm, according to the invention. Therefore, the PTFE ring comprised a steel thickness of 0.2 mm plus a thickness of PTFE of 0.25 mm. The spring stiffness for the conventional steel-only ring and the PTFE-laminated ring were approximately identical, as PTFE has very little effect on the shape of the load deflection curve if the steel wave geometry is maintained. The slip forces for these two experimental designs reached 1,000 N for the steel-only tolerance ring, but only 400 N for the PTFE-laminated ring. Although the steel-only ring was just 0.2 mm thick, the sliding forces are much higher due to the superior friction coefficient without PTFE, and the wear that occurs during relative movement.
[0043] As another example and comparison of tolerance rings in a torque slip application, tolerance rings that have diameters of 20 mm, widths of 18 mm, a wave height of 1 mm, and a wave-to-wave spacing of 7 mm were tested. The application had a target slip torque of 4 Nm. To achieve this target goal, a tolerance ring according to this invention was formed from a strip of stainless steel material and had a thickness of 0.4 mm, plus a layer laminated by PTFE with a thickness of 0.25 mm. This modality produced the slip torque of only 4 Nm, but had a very significant radial stiffness for an externally applied load of around 50,000 N / mm.
[0044] In contrast, the production of a target slip torque of only 4 Nm with a conventional steel-only tolerance ring required that the thickness of the steel be reduced to only 0.2 mm. As a result, the radial stiffness of this conventional design was a mere comparison, 12,000 N / mm. Therefore, to achieve the target slip torque, the thickness had to be reduced, which yielded a radial stiffness that was less than a quarter of that achievable by the present embodiment of the invention. This experiment demonstrates that the modalities of the invention provide a much more rigid assembly in a low torque slip application, which is particularly important when external loading is required to be resisted. In addition, in practice, the conventional steel-only tolerance ring fails in applications where multiple slips are required, due to the significant wear of its steel-only contact surfaces.
[0045] Conventional sliding force reductions were also possible by reducing the number of waves, by spacing waves even further apart, and / or by reducing the thickness of raw material to about 0.1 mm in order to reduce the rigidity of each wave . None of these conventional solutions for reducing sliding force is feasible. These simple methods also adversely reduce the overall radial stiffness of the assembly, so the result is much less stable and less able to withstand external radial loading without undue deflection.
[0046] Maintaining the wave stiffness, but reducing the number of waves results in the same force per wave, so the same wear problems occur as the prior art designs without a low friction layer. In addition, reducing the thickness of the steel to 0.1 min results in a very fragile ring that causes significant handling and assembly difficulties.
[0047] The addition of low friction material on the surface of the tolerance ring on which the slip occurs has the effect of decreasing the contact friction coefficient and decreasing the resulting sliding forces. For example, the coefficient of friction provided by the low friction layer can be in the range of about 0.04 to 0.25, and about 0.09 to 0.17 in other embodiments. This design also prevents wear of component surfaces during slipping, as they maintain sliding forces over many slip cycles. With reduced forces, the geometry of the tolerance ring can be made more robust to the same strength levels that would be possible with conventional tolerance rings. The flow of low-friction material in the contraction areas also has the effect of helping to minimize sliding force variation by plastically deforming itself, thereby providing more consistent force control.
[0048] Applications for such modalities include, for example, axial sliding force control (for example, on steering column 'tube-in-tube' extension adjustment sliding mechanisms), protection against torque overload on driven mechanisms ( for example, automotive applications such as seat positioners, door mechanisms, etc.). The low friction layer is on the surface of the tolerance ring that is adjacent to the surface that will slip. This can be at the top or bottom of the waves depending on the application and the configuration of the assembly. Low friction materials and / or alternative thicknesses can be used depending on the required properties, such as shrinkage pressures, slip speeds, and desired lubrication or usage characteristics.
[0049] The low-friction layer can comprise many types of materials that include, for example, a polymer, such as a polyketone, polyamide, a thermoplastic polyimide, a polyetherimide, a polyphenylene sulfide, a polyethersulfone, a polysulfone, a polyphenylene sulfone, a polyamideimide , Ultra high molecular weight polyethylene, a thermoplastic fluoropolymer, a polyamide, a polybenzimidazole, or any combination thereof. In one example, the thermoplastic material includes a polyketone, a polyamide, a polyimide, a polyetherimide, a polyamideimide, a polyphenylene sulfide, a polyphenylene sulfone, a fluoropolymer, a polybenzimidazole, a derivative thereof, or a combination thereof. In a particular example, the thermoplastic material includes a polymer, such as a polyketone, a thermoplastic polyimide, a polyetherimide, a polyphenylene sulfide, a polyether sulfone, a polysulfone, a polyamideimide, or a combination thereof. In a further example, the material includes polyketone, such as polyether ether ketone (PEEK), polyether ketone, polyether ketone ketone, polyether ketone ether ketone ketone, a derivative thereof, or a combination thereof. An example of a fluoropolymer includes fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), perfluoroalkoxy (PFA), a tetrafluoroethylene, hexafluoropropylene terpolymer, and vinylidene (THV), polyethylene fluoride (THV), polyclo tetrafluoroethylene copolymer (ETFE), ethylene chlorotrifluoroethylene copolymer (ECTFE), or any combination thereof. In a further example, the thermoplastic polymer can be ultra high molecular weight polyethylene. An exemplary solid lubricant may include polytetrafluoroethylene or a solid lubricant selected from molybdenum disulfide, tungsten disulfide, graphite, graphene, expanded graphite, boron nitride, talc, calcium fluoride, cerium fluoride, or any combination thereof. An exemplary mineral or ceramic includes alumina, silica, titanium dioxide, calcium fluoride, boron nitride, mica, volastonite, silicon carbide, silicon nitride, zirconium dioxide, carbon black, pigments, or any combination thereof.
[0050] In some embodiments, the steel side of the tolerance ring remains fixed against the other surface, in some embodiments. Retention features such as flanges, flaps, curved cuts, expansions or other devices can be incorporated to anchor the steel surface to the conjugate component to prevent slipping.
[0051] In some embodiments, the tolerance ring provides zero clearance with low slip force for axial or rotational movement. In one aspect, the tolerance ring combines a low friction layer to promote slipping with a tolerance ring to provide engagement through a gap between two components that move in relation to one another. The structure is compressible and has the additional advantages of being operable in a variety of span sizes (for example, to compensate for manufacturing variations in component dimensions) and having a smaller contact area than conventional tolerance rings. In combination with the low friction layer, this design provides a significant reduction in frictional forces that are opposed to movement between components even when the axial or radial load is high.
[0052] Another advantage of the tolerance ring structure is its resilience. Without the low friction layer, wear due to multiple slips must occur and the sliding force must change. With the low friction layer, however, wear is avoided. The low friction layer wears out instead of the conjugated components. The tolerance ring spring effect employs PTFE wear, maintaining zero clearance and helping to maintain strength levels.
[0053] The ring typically includes one or more rings that extend in circumferentially flat shapes, as at the axial edges of the ring, and a series of circumferentially separate projections that extend substantially in radial directions. The projections extend radially from the ring and also out of the ring, or inward towards the radial center of the ring. Projections can be different formations. They can be regular formations, such as ridges, waves or fingers. Each projection may comprise a rounded crest (for example, a wave) that rises and falls from a radial peak. In such modalities, the force transmitted by the projection is concentrated in a small region around the edges where it meets the strip (that is, its "footprint").
[0054] In use, each projection acts like a spring and exerts a radial force against the components, thereby providing an interference fit between them. The rotation of the internal or external component produces similar rotation in the other component, as the torque is transmitted by the ring. Likewise, the linear or axial movement of each component produces similar linear movement in the other component, as the linear force is transmitted by the ring.
[0055] It is known to provide tolerance rings that allow sliding between components in exceptional circumstances. For example, if relatively high forces (for example, rotating or linear) are applied to one or both internal and external components in such a way that the resulting force between the components is above a limit value. In conventional tolerance rings, that limit value is high and is based on an expected value, based on the radial loading force suffered by the ring.
[0056] According to one aspect, a system can be provided that comprises an internal component, an external component arranged to receive the internal component, and a tolerance ring mounted between the internal and external components to effect the coupling between them. The tolerance ring can comprise a deformable band of a first material, the band having a flat ring that extends circumferentially and a plurality of projections that extend radially circumferentially, and a low friction layer of a second material which has a lower coefficient of friction than the first material to provide a slip interface to allow relative movement between the internal and external components. In use, the strip provides zero clearance adjustment between the internal and external components by transmitting a loading force between them. However, the low friction layer works to reduce the frictional force at the slip interface, so that the slip force required to move the internal and external components, relative to each other, is significantly less than an expected derived value. loading force.
[0057] The flat rim of the strip can provide a contact surface that extends circumferentially with one of the internal and external components. A consistent contact region around the circumference of the tolerance ring can improve control over the slip force. There may be two or more hoops in the range, with multiple wave ranges in some modalities. A rim can be provided at each axial end of the tolerance ring, the projections being located between the rims.
[0058] The projections can be arranged to protrude away from the rim to provide a plurality of distinct contact surfaces with each other between the internal and external components. Projections can be configured to warp. This can include elastic deformation on the different contact surfaces to transmit the loading force radially through the tolerance ring between the internal and external components. The shape and size of each projection can be selected based on the particular application. The sliding force may depend on the shape of the projections. Typically, tolerance ring waves or projections are capable of transmitting relatively high radial forces (for example, 200 N or more) to stably locate and provide radial stiffness between the inner and outer component. Each projection comprises a marking region where the edges meet the strip. The slip interface can be at the loading transfer point between a marking region and one between the internal and external components. For example, this can occur between the tolerance ring and one of the internal and external components that contacts the rings. The area of the marking region can be relatively small, which, in combination with the low friction layer, reduces frictional forces.
[0059] In some modalities, projections are self-contained structures. For example, each projection may comprise a rounded edge that extends circumferentially with tapered shoulders at their axial ends. When the tolerance ring is mounted on the internal or external component in a pre-assembly, the tapered shoulders act as guides to assist the axial installation of the other component.
[0060] The projections are carefully selected and designed for their force transfer or spring properties. The geometry of the projections is selected to provide the desired elastic / plastic deformation characteristics. Deformation characteristics are selected not only to take into account the manufacturing tolerances of the internal and external components, but also to compensate for the differential thermal expansion and the wear and tear that may occur between dissimilar components in operation, thus ensuring that the desired performance is fully achieved. These designs are applicable to rings with zero clearance tolerance to ensure that the assembled components do not become loose at high temperatures.
[0061] During use, the tolerance ring strip may deform elastically when mounted on one of the components as a pre-assembly. When the other one of the components is assembled in the pre-assembly, and thus compresses the ring in the gap between the components, preferably only the projections are deformed. This deformation can be elastic or plastic, depending on the shape and / or profile of the projections and the size of the gap. If only the projections are deformed in this way, the force-transmitting contact area on the sliding interface is not substantially changed when the ring is compressed. This allows a consistent sliding force to be achieved.
[0062] The low friction layer can be integral with or attached to the strip, and conforms to the shape of the strip. For example, the low friction layer molds and is compatible with the projections on the strip. This feature allows for a compact construction. The low friction layer comprises a series of distinct patches attached or laminated to the strip. For example, the low-friction layer can be provided at contact points on the sliding interface. In one embodiment, the patches of the low-friction material are attached to the band in the marking regions and the rims. The strip may be exposed where there is no contact at the sliding interface.
[0063] The low-friction layer can be attached to a surface of the strip facing the internal or external component. The low friction layer can be coated or bonded to the strip. In one embodiment, the low friction layer is laminated to the surface of the strip. The lamination of the low-friction layer provides an even thickness around the strip to avoid fine patches that may occur if the layer is coated by immersing the strip in a liquid form of the second material and by rotating or detaching the excess.
[0064] In some embodiments, the tolerance ring is attached to one of the internal or external components, so that the sliding interface is between the ring and the other components. For example, the tolerance ring can be attached or retained by elasticly gripping the band on the internal component. In this example, the low-friction layer is provided only on the inner surface of the strip and the projections may extend radially out of the strip, for example, towards the outer component. With this arrangement, the sliding interface is in the contact area between the internal surface of the tolerance ring and the internal component, where the projection markings and the rings of the tolerance ring come into contact with the internal component.
[0065] The tolerance ring is secured by frictional engagement of the band on one of the components. In broken ring modalities, the broken ring is resilient in order to attach a component (for example, a rod) that is larger than its diameter, or to expand outwardly against an external component (for example, a hole in a housing) that is smaller than its diameter. It may be desirable to allow relative movement between the internal and external components in only one direction (for example, rotational or axial). In this case, the tolerance ring can be mechanically limited with respect to one of the components to prevent relative movement in the sliding interface in the unwanted direction. For example, the tolerance ring can be fixed in an external groove on the external surface of a stem. The groove edges prevent axial movement of the tolerance ring in relation to the stem. If the sliding interface is provided on the inner surface of the tolerance ring, relative axial movement of the stem and bore on that interface is prevented and must, instead, occur on the outer surface of the tolerance ring. The outer surface may not have the low friction layer and can therefore provide more resistance to relative movement.
[0066] The strip may comprise a resilient broken ring, such as an open loop of material that extends partially around the perimeter of the internal component. The projection configuration can be symmetrical around the circumference of the ring with respect to the broken part. This arrangement can be particularly stable.
[0067] The internal component can be a stem and the external component can be a housing that has a hole for receiving the stem. The tolerance ring extends around the perimeter of the stem to engage the outer surface of the stem and the inner surface of the hole. As mentioned above, the strip can be extend entirely around the perimeter of the stem or only partially around the stem.
[0068] The apparatus may also include a drive unit arranged to cause relative rotation between the stem and the housing, where the ring is arranged to allow circumferential slipping between the outer surface of the stem and the inner surface of the hole.
[0069] The low-friction layer can have substantially the same circumferential extent as the strip. The low friction layer can be provided at all points of contact between the ring and the internal / external component at the slip interface. The strip, therefore, does not come into contact with the component that is moving in relation to it at the slip interface, which can reduce friction.
[0070] Each indentation can be located opposite the projection. For example, projections can be formed by stamping, pressing or profiling a strip of material so that indentations are automatically formed at the back of the strip when projections are made.
[0071] When the projections are self-contained, distinct structures that have walls that contain a volume when mounted between the internal and external components, they can retain any grease applied before assembly and reduce or minimize subsequent leaks.
[0072] According to another aspect, a tolerance ring for mounting between internal and external components can be provided to cause the coupling between them. The ring comprises a deformable strip of a first material, the strip having a rim that extends circumferentially flat and a plurality of projections that extend radially, circumferentially spaced, and a low friction layer of a second material that has a coefficient less friction than the first material to provide a slip interface to allow relative movement between the internal and external components. The ring can have any of the features discussed above with respect to other aspects.
[0073] According to yet another aspect, a method can be provided to form a tolerance ring for assembly between components to cause the coupling between them, in which the method comprises: fixing a layer of slippery material on a strip of material from base to form a layered structure, with the slippery material having a lower coefficient of friction than the base material; forming a plurality of projections spaced throughout the layered structure adjacent to a flat region; folding the layered structure to form a ring, where the flat region becomes a circumferentially extending rim and the plurality of projections extend radially from the layered structure.
[0074] The base material may again be of a material suitable to form a tolerance ring, such as a steel spring or the like. The slippery material can be laminated to the base material to attach to it. Lamination has an advantage in some applications due to the fact that its fixed layer has a consistent thickness. The thickness of the laminate layer can be selected to ensure that the performance of the material does not degrade if there is any wear on the slip interface. The slippery material can be any material suitable for forming the low friction layer discussed above. The plurality of projections can be formed by stamping, pressing or profiling the layered structure.
[0075] The modalities are also differentiated from conventional designs that merely change the range and / or depth of their corrugations to achieve a degree of resilience that avoids excessive torque. With the modalities of the present tolerance ring, the project operates within a well-defined torque range (for example, with maximum and minimum values) to functionally provide a defined amount of controlled resistance. This design provides a means of limiting torque or axial force within defined ranges. Thus, it provides a high degree of precise force control, rather than a mere specification of resilience for radial compensation. The tolerance ring modalities combine spring characteristics specific to the metal strip with the friction and wear characteristics of a selected low-friction layer, in a tolerance ring that extends the performance envelope of the tolerance designs in a width control. band needs applications of multiple slips of lower force that were not previously possible.
[0076] Figure 7 is a sectional view of another embodiment that illustrates several layers of a corrosion-resistant tolerance ring 700. The tolerance ring 700 can include a substrate that carries the load 072, such as a metallic support layer (for example, an annular strip). The metallic backing layer can include a metal or metal alloy such as steel including carbon steel, spring steel and the like, iron, aluminum, zinc, copper, magnesium, or any combination thereof. The load bearing substrate 702 can be coated with temporary corrosion protection layers 704 and 706 to prevent corrosion of the load bearing substrate prior to processing. In addition, a temporary corrosion protection layer 708 can be applied over layer 704.
[0077] Each of the layers 704, 706 and 708 can have a thickness of about 1 to 50 microns, such as about 7 to 15 microns. The layers 704 and 706 can include a zinc phosphate, iron, manganese, or any combination thereof, or a nanoceramic layer. In addition, layers 704 and 706 can include functional silanes, primers based on nanoscale silane, hydrolysed silanes, organosilane adhesion promoters, solvent / water based silane primers, chlorinated polyolefins, passivated surfaces, commercially available zinc (mechanical / galvanic) or zinc and nickel coatings, or any combination thereof. The 708 layer can include functional silanes, nanoscale silane based primers, hydrolysed silanes, organosilane adhesion promoters, solvent / water based silane primers. Temporary corrosion protection layers 704, 706, and 708 can be removed or retained during processing.
[0078] A low friction or slip layer 710 can be applied to the substrate bearing the load 702, such as with an adhesive layer 712 or other means as described in the present invention. The sliding layer 710 can comprise the materials described in the present invention. In addition, the sliding layer 710 may include fillers, such as a friction reduction filler. Examples of fillers that can be used in sliding layer 710 include glass fibers, carbon fibers, silicon, graphite, PEEK, molybdenum disulfide, aromatic polyester, carbon particles, bronze, fluoropolymer, thermoplastic fillers, silicon carbide, oxide aluminum, polyamidimide (PAI), PPS, polyphenylene sulfone (PPS02), liquid crystal polymers (LCP), aromatic polyesters (Econol), and mineral particles such as volastonite and barium sulfate, or any combination thereof. The fillers can be in the form of microspheres, fibers, powders, mesh, or any combination thereof.
[0079] In some embodiments, the sliding layer may include a woven net or expanded metal mesh. The woven mesh or expanded metal mesh may include a metal or metal alloy such as aluminum, steel, stainless steel, bronze, or the like. Alternatively, the woven web may be a woven polymer web. In an alternative embodiment, the sliding layer may not include a mesh or mesh. In another alternative embodiment, the woven mesh or expanded metal mesh can be inserted between two adhesive layers.
[0080] Adhesive layer 712 may comprise a hot melt adhesive. Examples of adhesives that can be used in adhesive layer 712 include fluoropolymers, epoxy resins, polyimide resins, polyether / polyamide copolymers, ethylene vinyl acetates, tetrafluoroethylene ethylene (ETFE), ETFE copolymer, perfluoroalkoxy (PFA), or any combination of the same. Additionally, adhesive layer 712 can include at least one functional group selected from -C = O, -COR, -COH, -COOH, -COOR, CF2 = CF-OR, or any combination thereof, where R is a group cyclic or linear organic containing between 1 and 20 carbon atoms. In addition, adhesive layer 712 may include a copolymer. In one embodiment, the hot melt adhesive has a melting temperature of no more than about 250 ° C, such as no more than about 220 ° C. In another embodiment, adhesive layer 712 may break above about 200 ° C, such as above 220 ° C. In additional embodiments, the melting temperature of the hot melt adhesive can be higher than 250 ° C, even higher than 300 ° C.
[0081] On an opposite surface of the substrate bearing the load 702 of the sliding layer 710, a corrosion resistant coating 714 can be applied. The corrosion resistant coating 714 can have a thickness of about 1 to 50 microns, such as about 5 to 20 microns, and such as about 7 to 15 microns. The corrosion resistant coating may include an adhesion promoting layer 716 and an epoxy layer 718. The adhesion promoting layer 716 may include a zinc phosphate, iron, manganese, tin, or any combination thereof, or a layer of nanoceramics . The adhesion promoting layer 716 can include functional silanes, layers based on nanoscale silane, hydrolyzed silanes, organosilane adhesion promoters, solvent / water based silane primers, chlorinated polyolefins, passivated surfaces, commercially available (mechanical / galvanic) zinc or Zinc and Nickel coatings, or any combination thereof.
[0082] The epoxy layer 718 can be a heat-cured epoxy, a UV cured epoxy, an IR cured epoxy, an electronic beam cured epoxy, a radiation cured epoxy or an air cured epoxy. In addition, the epoxy resin may include polyglycidyl ether, diglycidyl ether, bisphenol A, bisphenol F, oxirane, oxacyclopropane, ethylene oxide, 1,2-epoxypropane, 2-methyloxyrane, 9, 10-epoxy-9,10-dihydroanthracene, or any combination thereof . The epoxy resin may include modified synthetic resin epoxies based on phenolic resins, urea resins, melamine resins, benzoguanamine with formaldehyde, or any combination thereof. For example, epoxies can include
[0083] The epoxy resin can additionally include a curing agent. The hardening agent can include amines, acid anhydrides, phenol novolac hardeners such as phenol novolac poly [N- (4-hydroxyphenyl) maleimide] (PHPMI), phenol formaldehyde resole, grease amine compounds, polycarbonate anhydrides, polyacrylate, isocyanates, encapsulated polyisocyanates, boron trifluoride amine complexes, chromium-based hardeners, polyamides, or any combination thereof. In general, acid anhydrides can conform to the formula R-C = O-O-C = O-R 'where R can be CXHYXZAU as described above. The amines can include aliphatic amines such as monoethylamine, diethylenetriamine, triethylenetetraamine, and the like, alicyclic amines, aromatic amines such as cyclic aliphatic amines, cycloaliphatic amines, amidoamines, polyamides, diciandiamides, imidazole derivatives, and the like, or any combination thereof. In general, the amines can be primary amines, secondary amines, or tertiary amines that conform to the formula R1R2R3N where R can be CXHYXZAU as described above.
[0084] In one embodiment, the epoxy layer 718 may include fillers to improve conductivity, such as carbon fillers, carbon fibers, carbon particles, graphite, metallic fillers such as bronze, aluminum, and other metals and their alloys, oxide fillers. metal, coated metal carbon fillers, coated metal polymer fillers, or any combination thereof. Conductive loads can allow current to pass through the epoxy coating and can increase the conductivity of the coated bushing when compared to a coated bushing without conductive loads.
[0085] In one embodiment, an epoxy layer can increase the corrosion resistance of the bushing. For example, the epoxy layer 718 can substantially prevent corrosive elements, such as water, salts, and the like, from coming into contact with the substrate that carries the load, thereby inhibiting the chemical corrosion of the substrate that carries the load. In addition, the epoxy layer can inhibit galvanic corrosion or the housing or substrate that carries the load by preventing contact between dissimilar metals. For example, placing an aluminum bushing without the epoxy layer in a magnesium housing can cause the oxidation of magnesium. However, the epoxy layer 718 can prevent the aluminum substrate from coming into contact with the magnesium housing and inhibit corrosion due to a galvanic reaction.
[0086] This written description uses examples, including the best way, and also allows the person skilled in the art to reproduce and use the invention. The patentable scope of the invention is defined by the claims and may include other examples that occur to persons skilled in the art. Such other examples are intended to be within the scope of the claims if they have structural elements that are not different from the literal language of the claims or if they include equivalent structural elements with insubstantial differences from the literal languages of the claims. For example, the modalities can be related to rotational devices such as an electric motor, such as a windshield wiper motor, or axial sliding applications, such as a steering column adjustment mechanism.
[0087] Although the modalities have been shown or described in only a few of their forms, it should become apparent to those skilled in the art that they are not so limited, but are susceptible to various changes without deviating from the scope of the invention.

权利要求:
Claims (14)
[0001]
Assembly (300) comprises: an external component (302); an internal component (306), located on the external and mobile component in relation to it; a tolerance ring (100, 200, 500, 600, 700) mounted between the internal and external components, in which the tolerance ring is characterized by the fact that a radial stiffness that is greater than 20,000 N / mm; an axial sliding force in a range of 10 to 600 N; and a diameter of at least 10 mm, where the tolerance ring comprises an annular band (102, 202, 502, 602, 702) formed from a metallic material and a low friction material (104, 204, 504, 604 , 710) connected to an annular band.
[0002]
Assembly according to claim 1, characterized by the fact that the annular strip is formed from spring steel and the low friction material has a friction coefficient in the range of 0.04 to 0.25, and is laminated for at least one side of the ring band.
[0003]
Assembly according to claims 1 and 2, characterized by the fact that the annular strip has a radial thickness of 0.1 to 0.7 mm, and the low friction material has a radial thickness in a range of 0.05 to 0.50 mm.
[0004]
Assembly according to claims 1, 2, and 3, characterized by the fact that the tolerance ring has a plurality of projections (108, 208, 508, 608) that extend in a radial direction, in which the projections are compressed between the internal and external components in such a way that the tolerance ring operates in a flattened portion of a compression / retention force characteristic through which the projections initially exhibit elastic behavior and are plastically deformed.
[0005]
Assembly according to claim 4, characterized in that the projections also extend in an axial direction as axially elongated ridges and the tolerance ring also has circumferentially extending rims (109, 209, 509, 609) at ends axial projections.
[0006]
Assembly according to either of claims 4 or 5, characterized in that the projections are circumferentially separated from each other by flat sections (110, 210, 510, 610).
[0007]
Assembly according to claim 6, when it depends on claim 5, characterized by the fact that the flat sections and the circumferentially extending rims are contiguously formed in a flat configuration, and optionally in that the axially elongated ridges have round peaks and the axial ends of each crest terminate at a tapered shoulder (111, 211, 511, 611) in the circumferentially extending rings.
[0008]
Assembly, according to claims 4 and 5, characterized by the fact that the projections are circumferentially leveled with each other.
[0009]
Assembly according to claims 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8, characterized by the fact that the tolerance ring provides parameters selected from the group consisting of: (i) a sliding torque in a range from 1 to 25Nm, and a diameter less than 40mm; (ii) a sliding torque in a range from 1 to 100Nm, and a diameter greater than 40 mm; (iii) an overload protection force less than 100Nm (iv) a diameter greater than 65nm; (v) an overload protection force of less than 25nm, and a diameter of less than 40nm; (vi) an overload protection force comprising a torque overload protection force between 1 to 25Nm, and the diameter less than 40 mm.
[0010]
Assembly according to claims 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9, characterized by the fact that it additionally comprises a corrosion resistant layer (704, 706, 708, 714) in the annular band in that the corrosion resistant layer optionally has a thickness of 1 to 50 microns.
[0011]
Assembly according to claim 10, characterized in that the corrosion resistant layer (714) comprises an epoxy resin layer (718).
[0012]
Assembly according to claim 11, characterized in that the corrosion resistant layer (714) further comprises an adhesion promoting layer (716) underlying the epoxy resin layer.
[0013]
Assembly according to claim 12, characterized in that the adhesion-promoting layer comprises a zinc phosphate, iron, manganese, tin or any combination thereof, or galvanic zinc, mechanical zinc or any combination thereof; and optionally, wherein the adhesion promoting layer comprises functional silanes, nanoscale silane-based primers, hydrolysed silanes, organosilane adhesion promoters, solvent / water-based silane primers, chlorinated polyolefins, passivated surfaces or any combination thereof .
[0014]
Assembly according to claims 11, 12 and 13, characterized in that the epoxy resin layer comprises a hardening agent that includes an amine, an acid anhydride, a fatty amine compound, a polycarbonic anhydride, a polyacrylate, an encapsulated polyisocyanate or any combination thereof, and the amine includes aliphatic amine, an alicyclic amine, an aromatic amine or any combination thereof.

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同族专利:

公开号 | 公开日

CA2775134C|2018-09-18|

TW201115037A|2011-05-01|

PL2480797T3|2016-10-31|

PL3091243T3|2020-11-16|

EP3091243A1|2016-11-09|

MX336115B|2016-01-08|

TWI487850B|2015-06-11|

KR20160018820A|2016-02-17|

EP2480797A1|2012-08-01|

ES2585250T3|2016-10-04|

US20140161519A1|2014-06-12|

US20150114549A1|2015-04-30|

JP5503743B2|2014-05-28|

ES2806982T3|2021-02-19|

CA3005199C|2020-09-01|

KR20170018101A|2017-02-15|

KR20140143422A|2014-12-16|

CN105545974A|2016-05-04|

JP2013505411A|2013-02-14|

BR112012006503A2|2016-04-26|

US10371213B2|2019-08-06|

CA3005199A1|2011-03-31|

JP5813159B2|2015-11-17|

WO2011036126A1|2011-03-31|

MX2012003345A|2012-05-08|

CN102630281A|2012-08-08|

RU2012114193A|2013-10-27|

US20110076096A1|2011-03-31|

RU2558958C1|2015-08-10|

JP2014139481A|2014-07-31|

CN105545974B|2018-07-17|

KR101922401B1|2018-11-28|

CN102630281B|2016-01-06|

RU2514652C2|2014-04-27|

KR20170136007A|2017-12-08|

EP2480797B1|2016-05-04|

KR101593408B1|2016-02-16|

KR20120065415A|2012-06-20|

CA2775134A1|2011-03-31|

RU2014101259A|2015-07-27|

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法律状态:
2019-01-08| B06F| Objections, documents and/or translations needed after an examination request according art. 34 industrial property law|

2019-10-01| B06U| Preliminary requirement: requests with searches performed by other patent offices: suspension of the patent application procedure|

2020-11-10| B09A| Decision: intention to grant|

2021-01-12| B16A| Patent or certificate of addition of invention granted|Free format text: PRAZO DE VALIDADE: 10 (DEZ) ANOS CONTADOS A PARTIR DE 12/01/2021, OBSERVADAS AS CONDICOES LEGAIS. |

优先权:

申请号 | 申请日 | 专利标题

US24588309P| true| 2009-09-25|2009-09-25|

US61/245,883|2009-09-25|

PCT/EP2010/063828|WO2011036126A1|2009-09-25|2010-09-20|Apparatus for tolerance ring control of slip interface sliding forces|

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